Principal Arriba

JUEGOS

Clasificación de los juegos según Roger Caillois [editar]

Según Roger Caillois los juegos pueden clasificarse según otro criterio y fueron los griegos los que definieron 4 tipos de juegos de los cuales salieron diversas variables a lo largo de la historia.

Según Roger Caillois existen 4 tipos de juegos. Examinemos más detalladamente esta clasificación de los juegos según Caillois:

AGON: son los juegos de competencia donde los antagonistas se encuentran en condiciones de relativa igualdad y cada cual busca demostrar su superioridad (deportes, juegos de salon, etc.)

ALEA: juegos basados en una decisión que no depende del jugador. No se trata de vencer al adversario sino de imponerse al destino. La voluntad renuncia y se abandona al destino. (juegos de azar)

MIMICRY: Todo juego supone la aceptación temporal, si no de una ilusión cuando menos de un universo cerrado, convencional y, en ciertos aspectos, ficticio. Aquí no predominan las reglas sino la simulación de una segunda realidad. El jugador escapa del mundo haciéndose otro. Estos juegos se complementan con la mímica y el disfraz.

ILINX: juegos que se basan en buscar el vertigo, y consisten en un intento de destruir por un instante la estabilidad de la percepción y de infligir a la conciencia lucida una especie de pánico voluptuoso. En cualquier caso, se trata de alcanzar una especie de espasmo, de trance o de aturdimiento que provoca la aniquilación de la realidad con una brusquedad soberana. El movimiento rápido de rotación o caída provoca un estado orgánico de confusión y de desconcierto.

Fuente: Wikipedia
 
Ludwig Wittgenstein was probably the first academic philosopher to address the definition of the word game. In his Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein demonstrated that the elements of games, such as play, rules, and competition, all fail to adequately define what games are. He subsequently argued that the concept "game" could not be contained by any single definition, but that games must be looked at as a series of definitions that share a "family resemblance" to one another.

French sociologist Roger Caillois, in his book Les jeux et les hommes (Games and Men)Caillois, Roger (1957). Les jeux et les hommes. Gallimard. , defined a game as an activity that must have the following characteristics:

bulletfun: the activity is chosen for its light-hearted character
bulletseparate: it is circumscribed in time and place
bulletuncertain: the outcome of the activity is unforeseeable
bulletnon-productive
bulletgoverned by rules: the activity has rules that are different from everyday life
bulletfictitious: it is accompanied by the awareness of a different reality

Computer game designer Chris Crawford attempted to define the term game using a series of dichotomies:

  1. Creative expression is art if made for its own beauty, and entertainment if made for money. (This is the least rigid of his definitions. Crawford acknowledges that he often chooses a creative path over conventional business wisdom, which is why he rarely produces sequels to his games.)
  2. A piece of entertainment is a plaything if it is interactive. Movies and books are cited as examples of non-interactive entertainment.
  3. If no goals are associated with a plaything, it is a toy. (Crawford notes that by his definition, (a) a toy can become a game element if the player makes up rules, and (b) The Sims and SimCity are toys, not games.) If it has goals, a plaything is a challenge.
  4. If a challenge has no “active agent against whom you compete,” it is a puzzle; if there is one, it is a conflict. (Crawford admits that this is a subjective test. Some games with noticeably algorithmic artificial intelligence can be played as puzzles; these include the patterns used to evade ghosts in Pac-Man.)
  5. Finally, if the player can only outperform the opponent, but not attack them to interfere with their performance, the conflict is a competition. (Competitions include racing and figure skating.) However, if attacks are allowed, then the conflict qualifies as a game.

Crawford's definition may thus be rendered as: an interactive, goal-oriented activity, active agents to play against, which any player (including active agents) could interfere one another, and which is designed to make money for the creator.

Crawford also notes (ibid.) several other definitions:

bullet“A form of play with goals and structure.” (Kevin Maroney)
bullet“A game is a form of art in which participants, termed players, make decisions in order to manage resources through game tokens in the pursuit of a goal.” (Greg Costikyan)
bullet“An activity with some rules engaged in for an outcome.” (Eric Zimmerman)

Source: Wikipedia